Enhanced care policies could boost female workforce, report shows

mother daughter family homework Muslim mom mum
(File photo: Jordan News)
AMMAN — Launched on Thursday under the patronage of Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh, the World Bank Group’s second State of the Mashreq Women Report, titled “Who Cares? Care Work and Women’s Labor Market Outcomes in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon” examines the potential for care policies to improve women’s labor market outcomes in a region where female labor force participation is among the lowest in the world.  اضافة اعلان

According to a press statement, the burden of unpaid care work falls disproportionately on the shoulders of women in the Mashreq countries of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. Short of appropriate support mechanisms within their households or from the state, women in these countries often find themselves having to choose between staying out of the labor market or working in a double shift, at home and in the workplace. 

While the structure and generosity of leave policies vary across countries of the Mashreq, they generally reinforce gendered allocation of care responsibilities.


Childcare costs
Moreover, with limited free public service provision and financial support to households, quality childcare services on the market are largely unaffordable.
“Supporting the development of the care sector would have tremendous benefits for children, parents, and the overall economies of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon.”
For many mothers, especially for those with lower education, the cost of childcare services available in the market constitutes a sizeable share of actual or potential labor market earnings, ranging from 25 percent in Jordan to more than 100 percent in Lebanon. As a result, enrollment in childcare services remains low in Mashreq countries.  


Developing the care sector“Existing care policies in Mashreq are not well aligned with the objective of supporting women and mothers who wish to stay or join the labor market,” said Jean-Christophe Carret, World Bank Mashreq Country Director. “Supporting the development of the care sector would have tremendous benefits for children, parents, and the overall economies of Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon.” 

Every day, mothers in Mashreq spend twice as much time as fathers taking care of children and three times as much time as fathers on domestic chores. For mothers who are employed, their typical “workday” — taking into consideration both paid and unpaid work — is 12 to 14 hours long. Not surprisingly, for every hour that a woman spends on unpaid care work, the probability of her being active in the labor market decreases by 1 to 3 percentage points. 


'Untapped demand’ for childcare“There is untapped demand for quality and affordable childcare services,” said Silvia Redaelli, Senior Economist and one of the authors of the report.

“Addressing existing constraints at the level of the supply of quality and affordable services can lead to sizeable improvements in female labor force participation and employment.” 

Despite prevailing gender norms that expect mothers to be the prime caretaker, many mothers of children below primary school age who are currently not using any sort of childcare services would be interested in using them if available and in joining the labor market.

Meeting untapped demand for childcare services in Jordan and Lebanon could increase female labor force participation by 7 percentage points if provided for free, and by 2 percentage points if available for pay. In Iraq, the impact of increasing childcare services on female labor force participation is more limited, with an expected increase of only 1.7 percentage points if childcare would be provided for free and by 0.5 percentage points if available for pay.   

The report further showed that more than 50 percent of women in Jordan and Lebanon, and about 16 percent in Iraq, express interest in working in the care sector, either by starting a daycare business and/or working for pay (full time or part time) in a daycare center.  


RecommendationsBased on the analysis and a review of international best practice, the report identifies the need for a three-pronged approach to achieve: more equitable distribution of the unpaid care work burden within the household; improved state support to address households’ care needs, particularly for the most vulnerable households; and an enabling environment for efficient provision of quality childcare services.  
“Addressing existing constraints at the level of the supply of quality and affordable services can lead to sizeable improvements in female labor force participation and employment.”

This second State of the Mashreq Women report was produced as part of the Mashreq Gender Facility, a World Bank/IFC initiative that provides technical assistance to Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon to enhance women’s economic opportunities as a catalyst towards more inclusive, sustainable, and peaceful societies, where economic growth benefits all.


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