PARIS, France — As fighting erupts between rival factions in
South Sudan, threatening to destabilise the fragile democracy, we look back at
the world's youngest country's bloody first decade, marred by a
civil war that
claimed 380,000 lives.
اضافة اعلان
2011: New nation
On July 9, South Sudan proclaims itself independent from Sudan following six
years of autonomy and two decades of war.
The president is
Salva Kiir, with Riek Machar as his deputy. From
different ethnic groups, the rivals also led the
Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) that spearheaded the push for independence.
The new South Sudan takes over three-quarters of oil reserves of the old
Sudan while Khartoum retains control of all pipeline and export facilities.
Other thorny issues are the tracing of the new border and the status of
disputed regions such as oil-rich Abyei.
2012: Oil clashes
The countries clash between March and May over rights to the oil fields
around Heglig, a town just inside Sudan.
South Sudanese troops briefly occupy the area, which accounts for half of
Sudan's crude oil production.
Arguments erupt over pipeline transit costs and Sudan confiscates millions
of barrels of South Sudan crude.
South Sudan halts its production in January for more than a year, accusing
Khartoum of theft.
2013: Civil war
Kiir fires Machar and all government ministers, their deputies, and several
police brigadiers on July 23.
Machar later accuses him of "dictatorial" behavior.
After a night of fighting in the capital Juba, Kiir says on December 16 his
forces had thwarted an attempted coup by Machar, who denies the claim.
Rival army units clash in Juba. The fighting spreads beyond the capital, fueled
by rivalries between Kiir's Dinka group and Machar's Nuer.
It sets off tit-for-tat massacres that turn into five years of war.
2016: Leader in
exile
Machar and Kiir sign a peace accord in August 2015 that provides for
Machar's reappointment as vice president.
He returns to Juba and is sworn in on April 26, 2016.
But fighting between supporters of both leaders breaks out again in July.
Machar goes into exile, accusing Kiir of trying to have him killed.
2018: Peace deal
Kiir and Machar meet for the first time in two years on June 20.
On September 12 they sign a new peace agreement to end a war that has killed
more than 380,000 people and displaced roughly four million.
It paves the way for a power-sharing government which is eventually
installed in March 2020, with Machar again vice president.
2020: Slow progress
However, sporadic fighting continues.
The UN several times extends its peace mission, as well as an arms embargo.
In June 2020 Kiir and Machar agree on control of the country's 10 states,
the main remaining sticking point.
2021: Violence
flares
A UN report in April warns that the slow pace of implementing the peace
accord risks a relapse into "large-scale conflict".
On May 8, after a delay of more than a year, Kiir includes opposition
lawmakers in a new parliament.
A final drafting of a constitution begins on May 25.
Barely 19 weeks later, growing murmurs of discontent in Machar's camp come
to a head, when a rival faction of his party led by General Simon Gatwech Dual
announces his ouster as chief, accusing him of failing to represent their
interests.
Machar insists he remains in full control and dismisses the "peace
spoilers", who he says are out to derail the formation of a unified national
army, a key component of the agreement that ended the civil war.
Within days, fresh fighting
erupts between the two sides, according to Machar's military spokesman, who
says forces loyal to the 68-year-old have fended off an alleged attack by Dual's
camp.
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