Each year, about 1.35 million people are killed in crashes on
the world’s roads, and as many as 50 million others are seriously injured,
according to the World Health Organization. In the United States, fatalities
rose drastically during the pandemic, leading to the largest six-month spike
ever recorded, according to estimates from the U.S. Department of
Transportation. Speeding, distraction, impaired driving and not wearing a seat
belt were top causes.
اضافة اعلان
Artificial intelligence is already being used to enhance driving
safety: cellphone apps that monitor behavior behind the wheel and reward safe
drivers with perks and connected vehicles that communicate with each other and
with road infrastructure.
But what lies ahead? Can AI do what humans cannot? And will the
technology develop before the proliferation of self-driving cars?
“In my view, there is too much hype around AI, road safety and
self-driving vehicles — it is super inflated,” said David Ward, president of
the Global New Car Assessment Program, a nonprofit based in London. The focus,
he said, should be on “the low-hanging fruit and not on some far-off utopian
promise.”
Advocates like Ward look to beneficial, low-cost, intermediate
technologies that are available now. A prime example is intelligent speed
assistance, or ISA, which uses AI to manage a car’s speed via in-vehicle
cameras and maps. The technology will be mandatory in all new vehicles in the
European Union beginning in July but has yet to take hold in the United States.
Acusensus, based in Australia, is among the companies that
employ artificial intelligence to address road safety. Its cameras —
“intelligent eyes,” as Acusensus calls them — use high-resolution imaging in
conjunction with machine learning to identify dangerous driving behaviors that
are often difficult to detect and enforce.
“We’ve got technology that can save lives,” said Mark Etzbach,
the company’s vice president of sales for North America.
The patent-pending technology, which unlike the human eye is
unaffected by weather conditions or high speeds, can view and record behavior
inside the vehicle, Etzbach said. Cameras can be installed on existing roadside
infrastructure, like overpasses, messaging signs or movable structures. Images
are then optimized for AI, which is trained to specific parameters.
Acusensus’ algorithms can determine with a high degree of
probability whether a particular driver is engaged in risky behavior, the
company says. “We can assess distraction,” Etzbach said. “We can assess
occupant restraint. We can assess vehicle speed. We’re able to look at three
behaviors at the same time. Well over 90% of the behaviors are happening below
the dashboard.”
Such technology would give law enforcement the ability to see
clearly whether a driver is holding something besides the steering wheel — like
a phone, perhaps — and whether that driver is looking down to text someone. (An
invisible flash enables clear penetration of the windshield.)
The technology was developed by Acusensus co-founder Alexander
Jannink after a friend and fellow software engineer was killed while biking in
2013.
“He got struck and killed by an impaired driver that was also
believed to be distracted,” Etzbach said.
The company’s primary product, Heads-Up, was first rolled out in
2019 in New South Wales, Australia. The Heads-Up system captures images that
are later screened by authorities for the likelihood of an offense. In the
first two years, the company says, the state experienced a 22% reduction in
fatalities and a reduction in phone use of more than 80%. The technology is
currently deployed in New South Wales and Queensland, with additional pilot
projects elsewhere in Australia and abroad.
The next iteration of the technology, Heads-Up Real Time, is
being proposed for deployment in the United States. Data and images would be
sent in real time to officers in patrol cars, which they can then view on
laptops.
Acusensus’ technology can also be used to identify “hot spots,”
helping determine where officials may need to improve enforcement, make changes
to infrastructure or adopt new legislation. In recent months, the company
conducted demonstrations and evaluations for a number of local law enforcement
agencies and state transportation departments.
During an 18-hour assessment in August of a high-risk corridor
in Missouri that was averaging 3 1/2 crashes a day, more than 11,000 vehicles
drove by. At least 60% of the drivers were speeding; an average of 6.5% were
using mobile phones, more than twice the national average; and just under 5.5%
were engaged in two concurrent risky driving behaviors.
“They had one of their record years for road fatalities last
year,” Etzbach said. “They want to change policy to be able to address some of
these road safety issues.”
The technology is gaining interest at the state level.
“We have contracted with two states for data projects and are in
discussion with many more,” Etzbach said. One of those states, Indiana, “is
piloting the technology for the evaluation of enforcement deployability.”
Technology similar to Acusensus’ is also being considered in
Europe. Alexandre Santacreu, secretary-general of the European Metropolitan
Transport Authorities in Paris, said large-scale data collection has huge potential
for use in preventing collisions across road networks.
Not everyone is sold on a reliance on computer learning. Ward
said humans still outperform artificial intelligence.
“An observant driver who makes eye contact with a pedestrian can
gauge whether or not there’s an intention for that person to cross the street.
AI is not able to do that, not yet,” he said. “We know that AI has a tremendous
capacity to improve, but we could be making a big mistake if we think that it
can completely eliminate the human dimension in all of this.”
As with many AI innovations, the technology also raises privacy
issues.
“It’s this classic question about how much intrusion we want in
our lives to keep ourselves safe,” Ward said.
“We share our road space. and there are limits to our liberty in
the closed environment of cars, but it does imply a greater degree of
intrusion,” he said of monitoring technology. “This is what AI is bringing to
us.”
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